Government Surveillance in the Digital Age Essay -- Privacy in the Dig

Government Surveillance in the Digital Age Imagine walking along a busy street in the middle of a sunny day. Also imagine that someone is following you around, videotaping everything you do. Disturbing thought? Even more disturbing is the fact that the United States government is already doing this, and it's perfectly legal. According to Robert Trigaux, a reporter for the St. Petersburg times, until August of 2014, in Ybor City, Florida, the Tampa Police Department used fourty-six surveillance cameras that scanned faces of all people walking around the entertainment district. These surveillance cameras captured facial images and then compared them to a police database of known felons. This same surveillance system was also used during the Tampa Bay Super Bowl at the Raymond James Stadium, and other cities are attempting to install such a system. However, even though the cameras are used in public places, they still represent a large violation of privacy. Also a violation of our privacy is the government's usage of the Carnivore Internet surveillance system that can track all of a person's online activity. The FBI not only has the capability to do so, but in many cases it can lawfully enter a person's home and alter or even steal information form his or her computer, all without the knowledge of the owner of the computer. The government's ability to gather personal information on its citizens is similar to methods of surveillance in the novels The Handmaid's Tale, by Margaret Atwood, and 1984, by George Orwell. In order to prevent the extreme cases of surveillance presented in these novels, it is the public's responsibility to remain alert to new developments in law enforcement so as to prevent an unreasonable s... ...ore/000724fbi.shmtl>. Herdy, Amy. Tampabay: They made me feel like a criminal. 8 Aug. 2001. St. Petersburg Times. 2 Nov. 2013. . Searching and Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence in Criminal Investigations. July 2012. Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section. 26 Oct. 2013. . The Nature and Scope of Governmental Electronic Surveillance Activity. Sep. 2001. Center for Democracy and Technology. 27 Oct. 2013. . Trigaux, Robert. Tampabay: Cameras scanned fans for criminals. 31 Jan. 2001. St. Petersburg Times. 2 Nov. 2003. . Orwell, George. 1984. New York: Signet Classic Printing, 1950.

Importance of Biogas plant Essay

The energy prospect is generally assessed on the basis of available commercial sources of energy i.e., fossil fuel like gas, coal, oil etc. Worldwide, there is a major transition underway in the energy sector. Biogas can be a potential source of renewable energy, Residues from biogas also proven as a significant source of organic fertilizer. If there is proper policy and implementation, Bangladesh’s energy crisis and organic fertilizer demand can be control through biogas plant. 1. Introduction By 2020, the world is throwing into turmoil as demand for energy begins to greatly exceed the supply – crippling many economies and triggering widespread social unrest. Many countries in the West may experience a decline in living standards – with oil rationing and conservation measures introduced by governments and substantial reductions in travel, tourism and aviation. The crisis plays out for nearly two decades, gradually being resolved by a switch to renewable energy and alternative fuel technologies. In Bangladesh context, neither the decision-makers nor the experts pay due importance on proper extraction and use of renewable energy. Here grater population is using natural gas and imported oil, with the present rate of consumption, natural energy resources like gas will be exhausted shortly and this is high time to derive policy and practice for exploration and use of alternative renewable sources if we want to meet energy crisis in near future. Biogas has been fou nd to be a proven renewable energy option. 2. Biogas Biogas, a cheap secondary renewable energy, is a gaseous fuel obtained from biomass by the process of anaerobic digestion or fermentation. Biogas fermentation is the process by which organic materials such as human or animal excreta, domestic wastage, agricultural wastage etc, are degraded, by huge quantities of various microbes of different functions, under anaerobic conditions, to yield methane (about 55-70% content), carbon dioxide (about 3045% content) and low amount of other gases in the end. Biogas can be used as a vehicle fuel or for generating electricity. It can also be burned directly for cooking, heating, lighting, process heat and absorption refrigeration. Cattle dung, agricultural residue, poultry dropping, water hyacinth, human excreta may be used as raw materials for biogas plants. A typical biogas plant consists of a digester in which the slurry (dung mixed with water) is fermented; an inlet tank used to mix the feed and let it into the digester; a gas holder/ dome in which the generated gas is collected; an outlet tank to remove the spent slurry; distribution pipelines to take the gas into the kitchen. 3. How Biogas produced Biogas is produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as biomass, manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops. Biogas comprises primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel. Biogas can be used as a fuel in any country for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be used in anaerobic digesters where it is typically used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat. Biogas can be compressed, much like natural gas, and used to power motor vehicles. 4. Advantages of Biogas Technology: A potential source of renewable energy. A source of improved organic fertilizer. A mechanism for wastage management. Save environment. 4.1 A potential source of renewable energy. Energy is one of the basic ingredients required to alleviate poverty and socio-economic development. The energy prospect is generally assessed on the basis of available commercial sources of energy i.e., fossil fuel like gas, coal, oil etc. Worldwide, there is a major transition underway in the energy sector. It is happening due to the following three major reasons: (I) A decline in fossil fuel availability, their predicted gradual extinction in the next Few decades and the resultant price volatility due to demand-supply gap. (ii) The need to drastically cut global emissions for mitigating climate change (80% Reduction by 2050). (iii) The need for energy security. In Bangladesh efficient utilization of renewable energy resources is yet to assume commercial dimensions and hence rational policy dissemination on renewable energy usage is essential. The renewable energy includes solar, wind, biogas and biomass; hydro, geothermal, tidal wave etc. Despite of above scenario biogas source can be use as a potential source of renewable energy. 4.2 A source of improved organic fertilizer. Bio product of biogas plant is improved organic fertilizer. This fertilizer contains organic component like Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium &Micro Nutrients: Nitrogen: Producing compost fertilizer Nitrogen losses calculated 50 % in every three months at the time of aerobic fermentation, on the other hand 10 % losses calculated while producing from biogas residues – Figure- 2 shows, Nutrition’s comparison between Chemical fertilizer and biogas residues from Biogas plant (Production in percentage): Biogas can outline sustainable land use. Reduced use of fertilizers and insecticides compared with lands used for row crops, protection of riparian areas, and erosion protection for sensitive land areas. 4.3 A mechanism for Wastage management Municipal waste is the abandoned materials which have been thrown away after use in daily life in the urban area. Municipal waste generally compose of food scrap, packaging materials, used plastic materials, tire etc. Due to the increasing growth of urban population in Bangladesh this municipal waste is getting high concerns from the management perspective. Also the management of this huge amount of waste is a worth of large expense. The huge amount of waste in the urban areas of Bangladesh due the rapid growth of population can be a potential source of biogas production. The calculation shows that by adopting active biogas collection procedure in the major landfills of the main cities can produce 319989.36 KWh of electricity. Recommendations are given to develop this technology within minimized cost and ensuring environmental safety. The unhygienic dumping zones in every city could me turned into a potential source of renewable energy by adopting active gas collection technology instead of spending money to manage the waste in that areas and keeping a huge land area unused. To explore the untouched potential of biogas source of municipal waste following actions are recommended: -To attract the investment in this sector government should demonstrate one pilot project with the help of foreign Development partners. -Private sectors should be given incentives to invest in biogas from municipal waste. -The technologies used in the countries successfully adopted waste to electricity system should be imported with necessary subsidies. -To facilitate the consciousness media should be used properly. 4.4 Save Environment. The greenhouse effect is caused by gases in the atmosphere (mainly carbon dioxide, CO2) which allow the sun’s short wave radiation to reach the earth surface while they absorb, to a large degree, the long wave heat radiation from the earth’s surface and from the atmosphere. Due to the â€Å"natural greenhouse effect† of the earth’s atmosphere the average temperature on earth is 15 °C and not minus 18 °C. The increase of the so called greenhouse gases which also include methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, etc. cause a rise of the earth’s temperature. The World Bank Group expects a rise in sea levels until the year 2050 of up to 50 cm. Flooding, erosion of the coasts, Stalinization of ground water and loss of land are but a few of the consequences mentioned. Until now, instruments to reduce the greenhouse effect considered primarily the reduction of CO2-emissions, due to their high proportion in the atmosphere. Though other greenhouse gases appear to be only a small portion of the atmosphere, they cause much more harm to the climate. Methane is not only the second most important greenhouse gas (it contributes with 20% to the effect while carbon dioxide causes 62%), it has also a 25 times higher global warming potential compared with carbon dioxide in a time horizon of 100 years. The Bio gas plant effectively reduces the amount of methane directly released into the atmosphere, by trapping it and facilitating its use as a green fuel. After burning, methane only releases harmless gases in air. Other uses of biogas: With the help of biogas we can drive gas generator to produce electricity in rural area. We can use gas incubator to produce poultry chicken from egg. We can use gas lantern by using bio gas in night time in village area. Hotel and restaurant can use biogas for cooking purposes by using the residue of vegetable and food waste. We can drive gas hitter for hitting water during winter season. Different poultry and dairy farm can mitigate their need of gas by using their own animal excreta. 5. Biogas significance in Bangladesh As a country of large population and for the convenient environment Biogas might be the potential source of energy. Though recently government has initiated some pilot project with the help of some foreign NGOs, but the utilization of the full potential is yet to reach. The main problem is lying in lack of public awareness and social prejudices. Government should supply the needed equipments to the private organization with less expense to encourage the involvement in this sector. 5.1 Types of Biogas Digester invented by Bangladesh government organization’s LGED: There are three types of basic designs of biogas plants tried in Bangladesh: (I) Floating cover digester: It works on the principle of constant pressure, changing volume. The digester, cylindrical well, commonly made from brick and cement, is covered with a floating steel cylinder with an open bottom (Fig. A). As the cylinder has a constant weight, it moves up when gas production is higher than consumption and comes down under the reverse conditions. (ii) Fixed cover digester: It works according to the principle, constant volume, changing pressure. When the rate of gas production is higher than that of gas consumption pressure inside the digester rises and expels some digester contents into the outlet compartment. When the consumption is higher than production, pressure inside the digester falls and the expelled materials in the outlet compartment run back to the digester (iii) Plastic Cover digester: A long cylindrical polythene/PVC bag, half-buried longitudinally in the ground, is fed with fresh cow-dung slurry at one end and discharged at the other. With the formation of gas, the bag swells like a balloon and the gasis led out to the point of use through a pipe by putting pressure on the balloon form outside In early 80’s, the floating type design was used for biogas plant. But dueto corrosion of the steel dome, the gas leakage problem happened and it could not be removed. Later on BCSIR tried with fixed done type desig n and it has been successful in all biogas plants. The plastic bag type designs not used in Bangladesh it is used in China. In this project, the fixed dome type design has been proposed. 5.2 Availability of biomass in Bangladesh for energy generation. The total annual generation and recoverable amounts of biomass in Bangladesh are about 165 and 9 MT/year respectively. Agricultural residues represent 48% of the total recoverable biomass followed by 23.9% from animal wastes and poultry droppings. In 2006, the biomass consumption for energy in Bangladesh was about 350 pico-Joules (PJ). At an average annual growth rate of 1.3%, the consumption in 2010 will be about 370 PJ. The total recoverable biomass energy of the country in 2006 was about 1250 PJ from which about 820 PJ of biomass energy was available for electricity generation. On the other hand, the total biomass energy consumption in 2006 was about 473 PJ. Assuming the same average annual growth rate of 1.3%, the biomass consumption in 2010 will be about 286 PJ. Therefore, the amount of biomass energy available in 2006 was 777 PJ, which is equivalent to 216 terawatt-hours (TWh). According to these two estimates and considering that the consumption of biomass for non-energy purposes is negligible, the annual available biomass energy potential for electricity generation in Bangladesh is in the range of 216- 250 TWh. 5.3 Present biogas Generation Rate: According to Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) sources, Bangladesh has 215,000 poultry farms and 15,000 cattle farms where electricity could be generated by establishing biogas plants. So far, 35,000 biogas plants have been established for the production of gas for cooking purposes in the rural areas. IDCOL has set a target of establishing 60,000 biogas plants by 2012, each of which could produce, on average, 94.22 square feet of gas. At present, 3.3 million square feet biogas is being produced in the country. 5.4 Affordability Biogas is a proven technology; there is no risk of failure if proper design and supervision can be ensured. Most of the micro finance institutions are now convinced and took decision to provide loan for the construction of Biogas plants. Most of the urban poor can not afford gas connection as it costs Tk. 200 to Tk. 400 per month. Instead they can install Biogas plants with. Bank loan and repay the loan out of their fuel savings ‘domestic’ size Biogas plant of 100 cft capacity cost Tk. 15,000 to Tk.18, 000 and can meet the cooking energy need for a five- member family. Impact on health and environment: Large scale bio energy development in Bangladesh could bring significant environmental benefits. Sustainable bioenergy development could: Reduce higher level of deforestation. Reduce net greenhouse gas emissions. Improve air quality and reduce acid deposition. Improve soil quality and reduce erosion. Reduce land filling by adding value to residues. 5.5 Few case study: Biogas plants in different institution: LGED has constructed 61 Biogas plants in different educational institutes, orphanages, hospitals, school/college hostels for solving the sanitation problems and getting biogas as an alternative energy source. One of these important plants is in Faridpur orphanage. There are 250students and staff in Faridpur orphanage. For their night soil disposal they needed to construct a septic tank for 250 users with Tk.60, 000. LGED in mid 1992 constructed a Biogas plant with Tk. 16,000which served the purpose of septic tank as well as a source of gas and fertilizer. This has reduced the investment by Tk. 34,000 and the mission has been saving Tk. 25,000 against fuel cost per year. Case 1: Ganaktuli Sweeper colony, Dhaka: There are five buildings for sweepers and 40 families reside in each building. The latrines of the buildings were not connected with any septic tank or sewerage system. Previously, night soil was passing through surface drain creating health hazard. To connect the latrines of building No-I to the nearby sewerage line Tk. 60,000 and to construct a septic tank for 221 users of the building Tk. 50,000 were necessary. Instead, LGED constructed a Biogas plant for Tk. 20,000 in 1993which is working till today without any problem giving sufficient gas to meet fuel need of all families of 1 building. There was some maintenance for leakage and Tk. 300 was spent. Observing the performance of the plant, residents of other 4 buildings created pressure on the city corporation to construct similar plant in those buildings. By now Biogas plants have been constructed in all the remaining 4 buildings. Case 2: ‘Ecological Village’ Amgram/Uttar Hogla in Madaripur: LGED took up ‘Ecovillage’ project on experimental basis as pilot programme with the objectives to make the villagers aware about environment and technology, create clear, healthy and acceptable environment in the villages and inspire the people around the villages to accept such project. There are 662 people in the village in 123 families. Besides other socio economic activities, the following facilities were also provided: There was no latrine in the village and 95latrines were constructed. As an alternative source of energy 15  Biogas plants were installed, three persons were trained in the construction of Biogas plant. The Biogas plants are providing energy input to the villagers. 6. Conclusion: Different implementing agencies in Bangladesh, which are active in promoting bio gasification technology, are not paying sufficient attention to effective and focused groupcollaborative R&D aimed at renovating, optimising and improving the design for adaptation to local conditions. Limited R&D facilities and capabilities and lack of co-ordination among the researchers and implementing authorities may well pose a major stumbling-block towards the success of this endeavour. Moreover, the follow-up action program is also very limited. Sometimes, the plant-owners do not get proper technical guidance for the operation and maintenance of their plants. Thus, the successful application and extension of this option depends on: Institutional measures and close collaboration between sectors involved. This should include, among others, provision for soft loans and/or subsidy; availability of standard prototype for design and construction and site-specific maintenance guidelines; meaningful public involvement which should aim at passing relevant information of this technology to the community to increase awareness and promote acceptability of this technology; Accurate calculation of the benefits of this technology. Biomass could play a role in reducing C02 emissions in both of these sectors. As the slurry remains in the digester for 30-40 days in anaerobic condition, the effluent becomes pathogen free and the output is smell-free combustible gas and organic fertilizer which is improving the environment and preventing diseases. At present Bangladesh meet 46.15% of its energy need by agricultural residue, 10.5% by cow dung, 12.9% by fuel wood and 33% by tree residue. This means that to meet our energy need we are depriving, ourselves from organic fertilizer and creating environmental imbalance by  deforestation. One pragmatic estimate puts that the use of biogas will reduce energy deficit at least by 15%. Reference: Bangladesh Power Development Board. Annual Report of 2006-2007. Dhaka, Bangladesh: BPDB, 2008. Available www.bpdb.gov.bd/download/Annual%20Report-10.pdf Biogas Digest,Vol 1, Information and Advisory Service on Appropriate Technology (ISAT),GTZ (PREGA), Bangladesh Country Report,2003. Obozov, A.D. and Asankulova, â€Å"Biogas in Kyrgyzstan†, Applied Solar Energy, 2007, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 262–265 Waste Concern Database, http://www.wasteconcern.org/database.html M. Alamgir and A. Ahsan,† Municipal Solid Waste and Recovery Potential: Bangladesh Perspective† ,Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng., 2007, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 67-76 S. Karapidakis and Anna Tsave,â€Å"Electric Power Production by Biogas Generation at Volos Landfill in Greece† Applied Solar Energy, submitted for publication Dr.M.Eusuf, Technological Feasibility of CDM Project Dhaka City Solid Waste.NTE.Bangladesh JICA (2004) Solid Waste Management Project of Dhaka City Corporation, Final Report of JICA Expert, Bangladesh. Available: www.dhakacity.org/cleandhaka/†¦/CleanDhakaMasterPlanMain.pdf ICAR paper (report issued by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi) http://www5.gtz.de/gate/techinfo/biogas/framecond/environ.html Winrock International, Nepal Biogas Support Program (BSP) Nepal, Accessed from google on 10th September 2012. Official website of Renewable energy information network, Bangladesh. Available at: http://www.lged-rein.org Accessed on 12 September 2012. Biogas program Grameen Shakti http://www.gshakti.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=6 4 Accessed on 12 September 2012. Bangladesh electricity production from renewable sources. Available at: http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/bangladesh/electricity-production-from-renewablesources. Renewable Energy Prospects & Trends in Bangladesh Presented by-Mazharul Islam. Bangladesh Power Development Board. ZakariaMahbub, Husnain-Al-Bustam, SuvroShahriar, T.M. IftakharUddin, AbrarSaad, â€Å"International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)†, Vol. 2, Issue 2, Mar-Apr 2012, pp.896-902. Md. M. Biswas, Kamol K. Das, Ifat A. Baqee, Mohammad A. H. Sadi, Hossain M. S. Farhad, â€Å"Prospects of Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Systems in Bangladesh and Developing Economics†, Global Journal of researches in engineering , Volume 11 Issue 5 Version 1.0 July 2011. Website of Wikipedia on Renewable energy. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Electricity_sector_in_Bangladesh#Renewable_energy Md. ZunaidBaten, EmranMd.Amin, AnikaSharin, Raisul Islam, Shahriar A. Chowdhury, â€Å"Renewable Energy Scenario of Bangladesh: Physical Perspective†, International Conference on the Developments in Renewable Energy Technology (ICDRT) 2009, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Mir NahidulAmbia, Md. Kafiul Islam, Md. AsaduzzamanShoeb, Md. Nasimul Islam Maruf, A.S.M. Mohsin, â€Å"An Analysis & Design on Micro Generation of A Domestic SolarWind Hybrid Energy System for Rural & Remote Areas-Perspective Bangladesh.† 2010. Website of Wikipedia on biogas. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/biogas. Potential of micro hydro power units in Bangladesh. Available at:http://www.lged-rein.org/ How wind turbine works. Available at:http://www.energymatters.com.au/renewableenergy/wind-energy

Food In Japan Essay - 771 Words

Executive Summary This report is a political, economic, social, technological, and environmental and legal–(PESTEL) report carried out to assess the viability of the opportunity market SAFOLS ready to eat tuna meals in Japan. The South Australian Fisherman’s Cooperative Limited (SAFCOL) is small medium sized enterprise (SME) in the seafood industry based in South Australia, Japan is an island nation comprised of four principle islands and number smaller ones, a distance of 2,400 kilometers from the East Asian coastline (Scholastic, 2016). The principle opportunity is the fact that Japanese companies who are looking for overseas suppliers to counter local competition (Austrade, 2016; Political Monitor, 2017) The country has a number of†¦show more content†¦The overall recommendation is that an entry plan be made to take advantage of this opportunity. Report Background This report is a political, economic, social, technological, and environmental and legal–PESTEL report carried out to assess the viability of the opportunity market SAFCOL’S ready to eat Tuna meals in Japan by The South Australian Fisherman’s Co-Operative Limited (SAFCOL). SAFCOL was begun in 1945 by South Australian Fishermen endeavouring to sell their catch (SAFCOL, 2016). SAFCOL produces, distributes, imports, canned seafood and pet food products, include tuna, salmon, mussels and sardines and has about 80 employees (Bloomberg, 2017). SAFCOL, markets its products throughout Australia in supermarkets and speciality stores, it has broadened its product range to include ready to seafood meals (SAFCOL, 2016; Bloomberg, 2017). SAFCOL supplies a wider market than other Australian seafood including: Australia, New Zealand, the Middle East, Slovenia, Chile, Hong Kong, China, Thailand, Malaysia, Greece, Canada and the USA (SAFCOL, 2016). SAFCOL is looking to broaden it s export base even further by exporting to Japan an island nation located in East Asia with a population of 128 million people (Griffin Pustay, 2015, p. 61). Japan consists of four principle islands, in addition to number minor ones, approximately 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) from the East Asia coast (Scholastic, 2016). The principleShow MoreRelatedDiscuss the Similarities and Differences Between Any Two Societies. in Your Answer, Make Reference to the Role of Cultures, Norms, Values and Inequality in Social Organization.1201 Words   |  5 Pagessocial organization. There are many similarities and differences between the cultures of Japan and Britain, this essay will look at some of these including religion, education, norms, values and inequalities in their social organizations. According to Google’s public data there are 127, 817, 277 people living in Japan compared to 62, 641, 000 living in Britain. 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Expansionism Under James K. Polk - 1276 Words

Expansionism under James K. Polk During the years surrounding James K. Polks presidency, the United States of America grew economically, socially, and most noticeably geographically. In this time period, the western boundaries of the Untied States would be expanded all the way to the Pacific Ocean. Many Americans in the 19th century believed that the acquisition of this territory to the west was their right and embraced the concept of Manifest Destiny. This concept was the belief that America should stretch from sea to shining sea and it was all but inevitable. Under the cover of Manifest Destiny, President Polk imposed his views of an aggressive imperialistic nation. Imperialism is the practice of extending the power and†¦show more content†¦The United States portion of this region would soon form the states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and part of Montana. Polk and his expansionist ambitions increased the size of the United States and supported Americas political, moral, and strategic interests. Polk would not have the same peaceful negotiations with Mexico over disputed land as he did with Great Britain. Though General Santa Anna signed a treaty recognizing Texas independence in 1836, both parties would dispute ownership of the land between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande until 1848. When the United States annexed Texas and stood behind its claim over the disputed land, the Mexican government became infuriated with America and broke off all diplomatic relations and started to prepare for war. The Mexican-American War would ultimately start over disputed land in Texas. It would turn into so much more. Polks final goal was to gain control of all the Mexican territories to the west of Texas. Polk continued to try to resolve this problem peacefully through a treaty with Mexico, but they refused to hold any diplomatic talks with Polks representatives. This forced Polk to have his military occupy the disputed land all the way to the Rio Grande. General Taylor informed Polk that soon after arrival to the Rio Grande the Mexican army attacked him andShow MoreRelatedExpansionism Under James K. Polk Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesExpansionism under James K. Polk During the years surrounding James K. Polks presidency, the United States of America grew economically, socially, and most noticeably geographically. In this time period, the western boundaries of the Untied States would be expanded all the way to the Pacific Ocean. Many Americans in the 19th century believed that the acquisition of this territory to the west was their right and embraced the concept of Manifest Destiny. 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His achievements impacted the U.S and made it what it is today. For example he annexed Texas, lowered tariffs, established an independent Federal Treasury, went to war with Mexico, and added three states to the union. If James Polk did not become president, then there is a possibilityRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1987 Words   |  8 PagesTalking about southern expansionism would not be complete without the mention of the interstate slave trade. This is most applicable when we talk about one aspect of the slave trade that oft en gets overlooked, the Atlantic Slave Trade. When mentioning the Atlantic Slave Trade, it is the fact that southerners considered reopening the trade after its dissolution in the beginning of the nineteenth century. 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Physics Physics On Daily Activities - 1849 Words

Name: KishanKumar Patel Date: 10/19/14 Physics in your Daily Activities The laws of physics have a significant impact in our daily lives. However, many people aren’t even aware of how physics impacts their lives. As the semester progresses, I have begun to notice the critical role physics play within my life. A few aspects of physics that I’ve noticed in my life are motion, dimensions, vectors, and displacement. Ultimately, physics is constantly acting around us. There are many examples that involve physics such as automobiles, the process of going for a small walk, electricity, and even eating food. Let’s discuss about how physics is involved in our daily activities. To begin, in order to perform one’s daily activities he or she will require energy. Where does this energy originate? For the most part, we obtain our energy by consuming food such almonds, fish, brown rice, or milk. The energy stored inside the food is in the form of a chemical potential energy. The process of digesting allows y our body to convert the food into new chemical bonds (McCulloch). As a result, the energy that is produced by food is converted into mechanical energy. This is one of the many examples of how physics has an impact on our daily lives and activities. Secondly, another prime example of the daily involvement of physics is automobiles. Previously in history, many low quality vehicles were carelessly designed. As a result, many of these vehicle were not exactly considered safe and didn’tShow MoreRelated Personal History Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pages I am satisfied with what I have become; a student specializing in Physics with special interests in experimental Condensed Matter Physics. I grew up in a very small town. A town not fully developed; there were very few resources and not many quality schools to acquire a solid education. 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Political Risk and Impact on Oil Prices

Question: Discuss the setting up of oil prices and role of OPEC? Answer: Introduction Risks are evident in respect to every kind of businesses, and the oil and gas industry in particular is also faced with this risk to a greater level. An analysis indicates that there are different important ways in which the political risks impact the performance of oil and gas companies and this in turn affects the prices of oil at which they are traded across the world. The oil and gas industry is a global industry, and as a result, the interference of government is significantly higher in such industry performance. As for example, oil and gas extraction companies often moves to international places which have rich oil and gas resources. In performing the extraction of oil and gas across such destinations, they are required to take permission from the local government. However, in many cases, the terms and conditions as agreed are changed by the government because of their motive to earn higher profits. But the huge investments as made by such companies in the oil extraction proces s make its difficult for them to take decisions. Apart from this, there are different other ways in which the political risks affects the performance of oil and gas companies (Goldthau, 2013). This report is aimed at performing an analysis of political risks that are applicable in respect to such oil and gas industry. After having an in-depth analysis of such political risk, the next step is to analyse the ways in which prices of oil are set and also the role as played by OPEC in such setting of prices. An analysis of oil prices since 2003 till date will also be performed, and finally, the prices of oil in the next five years would be predicted. Summary of Political Risks Political risk is mainly the risk posed by the government of an economy. The role of government in affecting the performance of an industry is significant, as there are rules and policies that are set by the government and they are required to be observed by the companies or industries operating in the economy. The political risks arise from the non compliance of such rules and regulations, or it can be because of unrests in the economy, or it can be because of changes introduced by the government. The oil and gas industry in particular is exposed to political risks to a greater level because oil and gas companies often cross national boundaries with a view to perform the extraction of oil and gas. This exposes them to different countrys governments and their policies and procedures, which are mostly incompatible with the ways in which they perform the management of their operations. Such kinds of clashes between the policies and procedures often create problems between oil and gas c ompanies and governments, and the resulting impact is the oil and gas companies exposed to political risks (Inkpen and Moffett, 2011). Apart from the above, the political risks to oil and gas industry are also because of the political uncertainties in the form of increasing risks of political violence. In the political violence index, there has been increasing number of countries that have witnessed a rise in the political risks. In addition to this, the industry is also faced with increasing threats of political risk mainly because of heightened threat of increasingly sophisticated forms of resource nationalism. This aspect of resource nationalism has resulted into a completely different approach by the governments with respect to international oil and gas companies, and the resulting impact is political risks affecting their performance conditions. Apart from this, the higher level of corruption has also become a major contributory factor that has given rise to the issue of political risks to oil and gas companies operating within the country (Ingham, 2013). Political risk can be in the form of sudden nationalisat ion decisions by the government whereby they would look for protecting the local producers (Beattie, 2014). The oil and gas industry as a whole is exposed to higher level of political risks. This is evident from the fact that there are five major political risks in 2014 that have adversely impacted the performance of oil and gas industry and created huge level of political risks. These are identified as the revolution that takes place in the energy market in North America and they have shaped the global markets for oil and gas industry. The existence of political insecurities in major oil producing countries such as Iraq and Libya has raised concerns for the global oil industry, internal strains faced by OPEC because of US Shale boom, and also the rising oil demands. These are identified as important political risk factors that have affected the oil markets in 2014 (Batovic, 2014). The low oil price is also a positive contributor towards higher political risks especially in respect to developing economies. The countries such as Russia, Iraq, Venezuela, and Libya are likely to face further level of political risks and pressure because of such declining prices of oil and gas at the global levels. This is mainly because these economies loses revenue because of such lower prices of oil and gas, and this in turn puts pressures on economic performance. The resulting impact is increasing political risks to them (Oil prices pose biggest political risk: Aon, 2015). Overall, the analysis above indicated the political risks that are evident in respect to the oil and gas industry. There are various ways in which political risk is accrued to such an industry, and a proper management of such risks is essential. Setting up of Oil Prices and Role of OPEC Having understood the political risks associated with oil and gas industry, this section of analysis is now focused towards analysing the ways in which oil prices are set and the role as played by OPEC in this process. In performing the setting up of oil prices, there has been a specific process being followed. As for instance, an analysis of the existing literature indicates that there have been certain specific indices that are responsible for setting up the prices of oil. The trading of oil is usually done in barrels and there are a number of published indices all around the world that are utilised by the oil industry in determining the prices. There are two important factors that are mostly responsible for the determination of oil prices, and these are identified as the demand and supply of oil. These two important factors decide the prices of oil in the international markets (Kosakowski, 2014). However, the actual setting up of prices of oil is mainly through indices that are operating all across the world. The first most significant indices are West Texas Intermediate which was set at the New York Mercantile Exchange. Brent Crude Index is the second major index responsible for the setting up of oil prices and it was set up at the Intercontinental Exchange in London. The third is the OPEC basket and it decides on the oil prices by way of identifying the average of the prices that are achieved across all the major OPEC countries that are a part of it. There has been upward and downward movement of these indices with respect to the oil prices, and such fluctuation of oil prices is mainly because of the number of people that want to buy oil on a particular day. The actual intention of these buyers has never been to actually make the purchases of oil, but they are aimed at entering into a contract at lower price so that it can be sold at a higher price and they can make profit. This suggests that the oil indices that are operating across the globe are mainly responsible for the determination of actual prices of crude oil and this in turn decides the rate at which oil is traded. The role of oil indices is important in this respect (Austin, 2015). Role of OPEC: In order to analyse the role of OPEC, it is highly essential that a proper level of understanding about this governing body should be achieved. An analysis of OPEC indicates that it stands for Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (OPEC and Oil Prices is the story cover?, 2014). An analysis of main mission of OPEC indicates that it is aimed at coordinating and unifying the policies of its member countries (Lee, 2014). This is mainly to make it sure that there is the availability of oil to meet out the demands of markets across the world. The OPEC is therefore concerned with providing steady income to producers and also the fair return to the companies that perform investment in such industry. At the same time, it also makes it sure that there should be proper supply of oil to the countries that require them so that proper balance can be ensured (OPEC Mission, 2015). With such an important role being played by OPEC in regulating the oil industry, there has also been an important role being played by this governing body in ensuring that the prices for oil are set on reasonable grounds. An analysis above has indicated that it is mainly the market indices for oil that determines the prices for oil. However, there has been influential role being played by OPEC in the price setting process by way of influencing the demand and supply of oil (Vactor, 2010). The OPEC is responsible for setting up the production limits in respect to the member countries, and this influence on the production ability of oil and gas generating process allows OPEC in playing an important role in affecting the demand and supply of oil. As identified above, there has been the influential role being played by the demand and supply of oil over its prices levels, and thus, it can be evaluated that by controlling such factor of prices, OPEC plays a significant role in the process ( Streifel, 1995). Oil Prices Since 2003 till Date This section of analysis is now focused towards performing a critical analysis of the oil prices movements beginning 2003. Oil prices are determined through the indices and as a result, it has been possible to extract the information about the oil price performance. As a result, this section of analysis not only evaluates the movements in terms of trends in such oil price performance, but it assesses three major increases/decreases in such prices over the period, and the relationship of such increase/decrease with the political issues. An analysis of the oil prices in last 10 yeas can be made from the chart as indicated below: (Source: Historical Crude Oil Prices and Charts, 2015). The chart above indicates the prices of crude oil over the last ten years period and the analysis of the chart above implies that there are various major ups and downs that can be evident in respect to the prices of crude during such period. Beginning from 2003, it can be evaluated that the prices of crude oil per barrel was less than 40$, but it has shown a rising trend since then and reaches the maximum during the beginning of 2008. This is the most significant increase in the crude oil prices since 10 years, as the per barrel cost reached at $140 by that time. This has been the major increase being witnessed in the crude oil prices. As the crude oil reached $140 a barrel during July of 2008, it has resulted into political issues across different economies. With such rising prices, the countries having government control over the oil prices have witnessed significant level of opposition against the government by the local public. The global concerns for war between Iraq and Afghani stan have also become a contributing factor towards such increase in the oil prices, and it led to tensions across government in different countries (What Affect Oil Prices?, 2009). Apart from the above major increase in the oil prices, the second major fluctuation is noted by the beginning of 2009 when the global financial recession has impacted the economy. There has been a dramatic decrease in the oil prices being witnessed, as the chart above shows that the prices for crude oil reached nearby to 40$ a barrel. This has resulted into reduction in the political concerns within governments across countries which imports oils. However, such price reduction has become a cause of concern to the oil rich countries because it led to lower revenue being earned by their economy. This has also given rise to political woes across oil rich countries. The third major decline is evident recently in 2015 when the prices for crude oil has reached to 45$ from a level of $100. This is another major decline being witnessed and this has raised political issues especially in respect to oil rich nations because it creates the situation of concern for them in terms of their revenue generation process. Prices of Oil in the Next 5 Years Time An analysis of the prices of oil above indicates that it has been extensively fluctuating and it is highly difficult to make exact level of prediction in this regard. However, based on the current performance of oil rich countries, and also the lower dependence of US on the Middle Eastern regions for its oil requirements, the demand is likely to remain lower or stable and this would not likely to impact the prices of oil to go high. The prediction as made with respect to the oil prices in the next five years is that it would remain within the target of $40 to $50 per barrel in the years to come depending on the current level of performance. Conclusion In this report, a critical assessment has been carried out in respect to the political risks as evident in respect to the oil and gas industry and also an assessment of the oil price performance over the years. The performance of analysis indicated that political risk is evident in respect to every kinds of business and it is also identified in respect to the given case of oil and gas industry whereby the governmental interference is identified as significantly huge. As a result, the political risk affecting such industry condition is also higher. The analysis indicated that the oil prices are being determined by the oil indices operating across the world and the role of OPEC is also identified as significant in this regard. There are major fluctuations being identified in respect to the performance of oil prices in the last ten years and it has also been evaluated that there has been the association of political risks from such major increase/decrease in the oil prices. Finally, the prices of oil in the years to come revealed that they are not likely to increase much because of lower dependence of economies such as US on the Middle Eastern regions. References Austin, S. (2015). What Sets Oil Prices? [Online]. Available at: https://www.oil-price.net/en/articles/what-sets-oil-prices.php [Accessed: 21 March 2015]. Beattie, A. (2014). 5 Biggest Risks Faced By Oil And Gas Companies [Online]. Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/fundamental-analysis/12/5-biggest-risks-faced-by-gas-and-oil-companies.asp [Accessed: 21 March 2015]. Batovic, A. (2014). Five political risk factors affecting oil markets in 2014 [Online]. Available at: https://globalriskinsights.com/2014/01/five-political-risk-factors-that-will-affect-oil-markets-in-2014/ [Accessed: 21 March 2015]. Goldthau, A. (2013), The Handbook of Global Energy Policy, John Wiley Sons. Historical Crude Oil Prices and Charts, (2015) [Online]. Available at: https://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/crude-oil/all/ [Accessed: 21 March 2015]. Inkpen, A.C. and Moffett, M.H. (2011), The Global Oil Gas Industry: Management, Strategy Finance, PennWell Books. Ingham, C. (2013). KEY POLITICAL RISKS FOR THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY IN 2013 [Online]. Available at: https://www.naturalgaseurope.com/key-political-risks-for-the-oil-and-gas-industry-in-2013 [Accessed: 21 March 2015]. Kosakowski, P. (2014). What Determines Oil Prices? [Online]. Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/08/determining-oil-prices.asp [Accessed: 21 March 2015]. Lee, H. (2014). Why OPEC's losing its ability to set oil prices [Online]. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/id/102124851 [Accessed: 21 March 2015]. Oil prices pose biggest political risk: Aon, (2015) [Online]. Available at: https://www.marketpulse.com/20150304/oil-prices-pose-biggest-political-risk-aon/ [Accessed: 21 March 2015]. OPEC and Oil Prices is the story cover?, (2014) [Online]. Available at: https://www.oil-price.net/en/articles/opec-and-oil-prices-is-the-story-over.php [Accessed: 21 March 2015]. OPEC Mission, (2015) [Online]. Available at: https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/23.htm [Accessed: 21 March 2015]. Streifel, S.S. (1995), Review and Outlook for the World Oil Market, Parts 63-301, World Bank Publications. Vactor, S. (2010), Introduction to the Global Oil Gas Business, PennWell Books. What Affect Oil Prices?, (2009) [Online]. Available at: https://oilprice.com/Energy/Oil-Prices/What-Affects-Oil-Prices.html [Accessed: 21 March 2015].

Should You Get a Flip Phone Essay Example

Should You Get a Flip Phone Essay All of the technologies that we have today have all come so far. Now we have iPhones, iPads, tablets, laptops, computers, etc. Soon, we’re going to have holographic phones! Back then, in the old days, we didn’t have most of those things. No computer, no laptops, iPads, and no many more things. In particular, no phones. Today, more than half of the world own some kind of a phone. Even kids under thirteen (I think that age would be the right time to get a phone)! Fun fact, more people in the world today own some kind of mobile phone than a toothbrush or a toilet! I think I got my very first phone back when I was seven years old. I got a flip phone, a Motorola Razr V3. I was so excited when I got it! That meant I could text my friends now. The flip phone didn’t really do a lot of the things my smartphone today can do but it was still pretty good. I had good memories with my flip phone until I lost it, sadly. We’ll get back to that later. Right now, letâ€℠¢s talk about smartphones. I think smartphones are really cool. They can do a lot of things for you and they are very convenient. I have a smartphone and I don’t think I can live without it. It’s always by my side 24/7. Even when I’m sleeping. I think they make your life more convenient. But, today, an increasing number of people are getting rid of their smartphones and using flip phones instead. Some people (including me) think that smartphones can make your life more convenient. For example, when used responsibly, smartphones can help you relax, organize your schedule, and find information. But, theres also the dark side of the smartphones. According to a survey by Common Sense Media, â€Å"kids spend about four hours a day on their smartphones -the equivalent of two months a year!† Excessive screen time have been linked with loneliness, anxiety, having trouble sleeping, and many more. Because of this, people are now switching over to flip phones. Even though a flip ph We will write a custom essay sample on Should You Get a Flip Phone specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Should You Get a Flip Phone specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Should You Get a Flip Phone specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer